Nature Reviews:

1. Macrophages in intestinal inflammation and resolution: a potential therapeutic target in IBD

Macrophages are the gatekeepers of intestinal immune homeostasis. This Review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the differentiation and function of intestinal macrophages in homeostasis and inflammation, and their role in resolving the inflammatory process. Yi Rang Na, Michelle Stakenborg[…]Gianluca Matteoli

2. Inflammasomes in the gastrointestinal tract: infection, cancer and gut microbiota homeostasis

Inflammasome signalling has a central role in the regulation of gastrointestinal health and disease. Here, an overview of inflammasome biology in relation to the gastrointestinal tract is presented, with insights into how targeted interventions might be useful to treat inflammasome-mediated gastrointestinal diseases. Si Ming Man

3. The elusive case of human intraepithelial T cells in gut homeostasis and inflammation

Intraepithelial T cells (IETs) are a unique collection of T cells located at the epithelial barrier. This Review highlights the role of these cells in gut homeostasis and disease, including coeliac disease and IBD. Targeting of IETs in therapeutic interventions is also discussed.

4. Gut microbiota-mediated inflammation in obesity: a link with gastrointestinal cancer

Growing evidence has associated the gut microbiota with the onset of inflammation, a common feature of both obesity and cancer. Here, Cani and Jordan review the links between the gut microbiota, metabolic disorders and the development of gastrointestinal cancer. Patrice D. Cani & Benedicte F. Jordan

5. Triggering and resolution of inflammation in NASH

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, one of the most common chronic liver diseases. In this Review, the authors comprehensively discuss the key factors that trigger hepatic inflammation, as well as the pathways involved in inflammation resolution.Susanne Schuster, Daniel Cabrera[…]Ariel E. Feldstein

6. Environmental triggers in IBD: a review of progress and evidence

A wide variety of environmental triggers have been associated with IBD pathogenesis, including the gut microbiota, diet, pollution and early-life factors. This Review discusses the latest evidence and progress towards better understanding the environmental factors associated with IBD. Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan, Charles N. Bernstein[…]Claudio Fiocchi

7. Current and emerging therapeutic targets for IBD

The management of IBD has undergone major advances with the development of biologic agents. Here, Markus Neurath provides an overview of current and future therapeutic targets for IBD, including insights into the mechanisms and rationale behind such approaches. Markus F. Neurath

8. Food allergy and the gut

Incidence of food allergy has increased considerably in the past two decades, especially in developed countries. Here, Nowak-Wegrzyn and colleagues discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and gastrointestinal manifestations of food allergy, and examine current and future treatment approaches. Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn, Hania Szajewska & Gideon Lack

9. Liver — guardian, modifier and target of sepsis

The liver regulates immune defence during sepsis, but is also a target for sepsis-related injury. Liver dysfunction can affect the prognosis of sepsis, particularly in patients with cirrhosis. In this Review, the importance of the liver in sepsis, the factors contributing to sepsis in patients with liver cirrhosis and new therapeutic strategies are discussed. Pavel Strnad, Frank Tacke[…]Christian Trautwein

10. Acute severe ulcerative colitis: from pathophysiology to clinical management

Acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) is a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs in ∼20% of patients with ulcerative colitis. Here, the authors provide an overview of ASUC from pathophysiology to clinical management (including drug therapy and surgery). Pieter Hindryckx, Vipul Jairath & Geert D'Haens

11. Necrotizing enterocolitis: new insights into pathogenesis and mechanisms

Necrotizing enterocolitis is the most frequent and lethal gastrointestinal disease in premature infants. This Review outlines current approaches for the treatment and diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis and examines the progress made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this disease as well as potential avenues for future treatment development. Diego F. Niño, Chhinder P. Sodhi & David J. Hackam

12. Inflammasome activation and function in liver disease

In liver diseases, inflammasome activation is a major contributor to hepatocyte damage, immune cell activation and amplification of inflammation. This Review provides a detailed account of the different types of inflammasomes that are involved, their activation and biological functions in the context of liver injury and disease progression. Gyongyi Szabo & Jan Petrasek

13. Neural reflex pathways in intestinal inflammation: hypotheses to viable therapy

Neural pathways regulate key functions of the gastrointestinal tract, including motility and inflammation. Here, the authors discuss how neural reflex pathways regulate intestinal inflammation, providing insights into the basic underlying mechanisms and the therapeutic potential of interventions that manipulate this system.

14. Advances in use of immunomodulatory agents—a rheumatology perspective

Treatment for inflammatory disorders has progressed remarkably since the introduction of highly effective biologic agents. Lessons can be learned from how other clinical specialties use immunomodulatory agents. In this article, Her and Kavanaugh introduce a rheumatology perspective to the management of inflammatory disorders to provide insights that might inform clinical practice in gastroenterology. Minyoung Her & Arthur Kavanaugh

15. Growth problems in children with IBD

Growth retardation and delayed puberty are unique features of IBD in children and are caused by both undernutrition and inflammation. The substantial effect of impaired growth and delayed puberty on quality of life creates particular difficulties for disease management. This Review focuses on the pathogenesis of disrupted growth and puberty in children with IBD and the emerging therapies for resolving inflammation and restoring growth. Ian R. Sanderson

16. From NAFLD to NASH to cirrhosis—new insights into disease mechanisms

Here, the authors summarize new insights into the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH, in particular the mechanisms responsible for liver injury and fibrosis. They highlight how a complex interplay between the environment (especially diet), host genetics and the gut microflora is crucial for the development and progression of NAFLD. Alexander Wree, Lori Broderick[…]Ariel E. Feldstein

17. The liver–brain axis in liver failure: neuroinflammation and encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy is a severe neuropsychiatric complication of both acute and chronic liver failure. Here, the authors present new evidence that systemic and central proinflammatory mechanisms acting alone or in concert with other toxins have a role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities are also discussed. Roger F. Butterworth

18. Paradoxical inflammation induced by anti-TNF agents in patients with IBD

Anti-TNF antibodies have acquired a prominent place in the management of IBD. However, with increasing use of these agents, paradoxical adverse effects involving the skin, joints and lungs have been reported. The authors review the paradoxical inflammation induced by anti-TNF agents in patients with IBD, provide hypotheses for the occurrence of this paradoxical inflammation and give practical advice on how to manage these patients.Isabelle Cleynen & Séverine Vermeire

19. Gastroesophageal reflux disease—from reflux episodes to mucosal inflammation

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic disorder that occurs when refluxate from the stomach comes into contact with the esophageal mucosa, typically causing symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation. This Review focuses on the mucosal pathogenesis of GERD and describes new concepts in the role of mucosal inflammation in disease development in relation to the current model of GERD pathogenesis. Arne Kandulski & Peter Malfertheiner

20. NF-κB in the liver—linking injury, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are the most common causes of death in patients with chronic liver disease. This Review discusses the contribution of NF-κB to chronic liver disease, with a particular focus on the role of NF-κB in different hepatic cell compartments and its effects on chronic inflammation and fibrosis as events that set the stage for the development of HCC. Tom Luedde & Robert F. Schwabe